![]() Other Jews, however, were not so exclusive, welcoming Greek culture and accepting converts without requiring circumcision. Jewish missionaries to other areas were strictly expected to impose the distinctive Jewish customs of circumcision, kosher food, and Sabbaths and other festivals. In Palestinian Judaism the predominant note was separation and exclusiveness. But the attempts of foreign rulers, especially the Syrian king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (in 168–165 bce), to impose Greek culture in Palestine provoked zealous resistance on the part of many Jews, leading to the revolt of Judas Maccabeus against Antiochus. In the Hellenistic Age (323 bce–3rd century ce), the dispersion of the Jews throughout the kingdoms of the eastern Mediterranean and the Roman Empire reinforced this universalistic tendency. From Amos (8th century bce) onward the religion of Israel was marked by tension between the concept of monotheism, with its universal ideal of salvation (for all nations), and the notion of God’s special choice of Israel. The history of Christianity The primitive church The relation of the early church to late JudaismĬhristianity began as a movement within Judaism at a period when the Jews had long been dominated culturally and politically by foreign powers and had found in their religion (rather than in their politics or cultural achievements) the linchpin of their community. Ecumenism since the start of the 20th century.Ecumenism in the 17th and 18th centuries. ![]() Orthodox and nondenominational missions.Missions to South East Asia and the Pacific.The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage.Intellectualism versus anti-intellectualism.Theological and humanitarian motivations.Church and state in Eastern and Western theology.The church and the Byzantine, or Eastern, Empire. ![]()
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